Research Paper – Pawnshop System Design

Bulacan State University Sarmiento Campus City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan Research Methodologies Pawnshop System Design (PSSD) Submitted by: _______________________ Submitted to: _______________________ Instructor Date: March 25, 2011 CHAPTER I The Problem and its background INTRODUCTION The fusion of computer technology and communication technology gave birth to new era of digital age (William Sayer, 2003). This fusion is what we know today as information technology. Information technology is the collaboration of industries dealing with computer, telephone, and various handheld devices.These technologies greatly affect the business industry. Pawnshop System (PSS) is an individual or business that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral. The word pawn is derived from the Latin pignus, for pledge, and the items having been pawned to the broker are themselves called pledges or pawns, or simply the collateral. The system is intuitive and eas y to use. The Pawnshop System (PSS) if an item is pawned for a loan, within a certain contractual period of time the pawner may purchase it back for the amount of the loan plus some agreed-upon amount for interest.The amount of time, and rate of interest, is governed by law or by the pawnbroker's policies. If the loan is not paid (or extended, if applicable) within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale by the pawner/secondhand dealer. Unlike other lenders, though, the pawner does not report the defaulted loan on the customer's credit report, since the pawnbroker has physical possession of the item and may recoup the loan value through outright sale of the item. The pawner/secondhand dealer also sells items that have been sold outright by customers to the Pawner or secondhand dealer.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM General Problem The general problem in The Pawnshop System (PSS) is how long would it takes for saving data information of a client? Specific Problem 1. How lo ng would it takes for saving data information of clients? 2. How Does a Pawnshop Operates? 3. What are the problems can be encountered by the cashier during their saving information about client? SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The study will determine the affects of the Pawnshop System (PSS). this will gain benefits to client, Owner, employee.Client: The Pawnshop System (PSS) will benefit them by assuring that they will b supplied with quality workers on time and rendered with efficient service. Someone who purchases or hires something from someone else. Employee: The Pawnshop System (PSS) will secure and maintain their record, keep their personal profile in case of incidence. And also they can save time and effort for saving data of client. Owner: The Pawnshop System (PSS) create accurate report that will help them make sound judgment in managing company. And also they can easily manipulate.The Pawnshop System designs (PSSD) and help them to save any information about their client and em ployee. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The Pawnshop System (PSS) must have limitation one of the limitations is for the cashier or employee at least he/she is given an authority from the owner , and only the owner and cahier must have a right to open and use the Pawnshop System (PSS) by accessing their password. The study will benefit Pawnshop System (PSS) inc. as it provides qualified workers to their client ant efficiently manage their Pawnshop System (PSS). the System will reduce the incidence of incomplete information.Gathered from applicant that will lead to inaccurate record on their database and unreliable reports. The material/ program going to use in this Pawnshop System (PSS) is the materials/ program to be use is the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 and Microsoft Access 2003 or 2007. the reason why Microsoft visual Basic 6. 0 and Microsoft Access 2033 or 20007 will be use in this Pawnshop system, because only the Microsoft Visual basic 6. 0 and Microsoft access 2003 or 2007 will be able and compatible their connection and the relationship must be connected through.The Pawnshop System (PSSD) . Must has receipt and it locate to the office administrator or in the office of cashier or employee. It will start to make on Dec 2009 until last week of February 2010 finish it already CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The purpose of the study is to help the owner or cashier to save their time to manipulate the system. And they can easily manipulate this system. And also It helps the owner to understand easily the prototypes of the program and this system is easy to understand. Can generate different reports that will aid management in making business decisions.The first frame is the Computer and software installer which is the Microsoft visual Basic 6. 0 and Microsoft Access 2003 or 2007. The second frame is data coding, system design, system analysis and installing software. The third frame is the Pawnshop system Design (PSSD). this will be the possible output of your crating and design ing system. RESEARCH PARADIGM [pic] Fig 1. The Research model of the Experiment HYPOTHESIS The main idea of this Pawnshop system design is to help the owner to easily manipulate the program.And it will help them to saving their data information that their going to inputted gathered by the client and employee record. TERMS AND DEFINITION Pawner/Pawnee- a member of an American Indian people living along the Platte River and its tributaries in Nebraska during the first half of the 19th century: confined to a reservation in the Indian Territory in 1874–75. Pawnshop- a shop where loans are made with personal property as security CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW The country's largest pawnshop chain, Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop, began as four pawnshop outlet in Metro Manila in the mid-1980s.Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop today has branches spread all over the Philippines serving the Filipino pawner everywhere Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop traces its roots to Cebu. There, French Consul to the Ph ilippines Henry Lhuillier established in 1935 his first of a chain of Agencias. He then opened several more branches in Cebu, as well as in nearby provinces of the Visayas. In 1968, Henry Lhuillier's son Philippe Lhuillier went forth and opened the first Lhuillier pawnshop at Libertad Street in Malibay, Pasay under the trade name Agencia Cebuana.As the years passed and with the support of hardworking personnel, several more branches were opened in Metro Manila as well as in Northern, Central and Southern Luzon. Soon branches sprouted in the south – in key provinces like Davao, Cagayan de Oro and Bukidnon. In 1987, the company pursued nationwide expansion. It then adopted the trade name Cebuana Lhuillier. Since then, every Philippe Lhuillier-owned pawnshop branch that opened anywhere in the Philippines carried the name Cebuana Lhuillier. Branches as far north as Aparri and as far south as General Santos were servicing the needs of over 25,000 customers a day.Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop is the country's largest pawnshop chain with branches in almost every city, town or district in the Philippines. â€Å"Walang Kapantay Magpahalaga† is the slogan that guides Cebuana Lhuillier in its everyday dealings with customers. The company takes pride in every opportunity where it has been able to live up to this commitment. CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN |Treatment |Replication | |1. installing Microsoft Visual Basic | | |6. and Microsoft Access 2007 | | | |1 month | | | | |2. program designing | | |3. data coding | | Experimental complete Randomized design The experimental research may install Microsoft visual basic 6. 0 and Microsoft access 2007 for the designing and coding of the Pawnshop System Design system (PSSD).CLUSTER SAMPLING by group |respondent |Population |Percentage | |Programmer |2 |34% | |Quality Assurance |2 |34% | | |1 |16% | |Team leader | | | |Documentation |1 |16% | |Total |6 person |100% | Experimental cluster sampling by group PROCEDURE IN GATHERING DATAThe pawnshop System Design will building by a total of six (6) people which is the 2 programmers, 2 Quality Assurance, 1 Team Leader, 1 Documentation. STATISTICAL TREATMENT |Gender |Population |Percentage | |Female |10 |48% | | Male |11 |52% | |Total |22 Person |100% | Using a statistical by group it computes the percentage of every population of this study. And the possible population that will going to use this experimental study. hey may the population that are going to pawn on this study. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY OF FINDING 1. How long would it take for saving data information of clients? 2. How a Pawnshop Does Operates? 3. What are the problems can be encountered by the cashier during their saving information about client? DESCUSSION OF RESULT There are several ways of collecting and understanding information and finding answer to your question research is one way. This study has dealt some basic issues of design in quantitive research’s have discussed the co mmonly used design types in experimental research.If an item is pawned for a loan, within a certain contractual period of time the pawner may purchase it back for the amount of the loan plus some agreed-upon amount for interest. The amount of time, and rate of interest, is governed by law or by the pawnbroker's policies. If the loan is not paid (or extended, if applicable) within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale by the pawnbroker/secondhand dealer CHAPTER V CONCLUSION In savings data information gathered by a client it will save in 1 second only. It saves time for the clients in processing their transaction.It is very easy to operate because it must easy to understand. The problem that encountered by the user is deleting some data information gathered by the client in unexpected situation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Website: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pawnbroker GRAPHICAL VIEW OF THE STUDY Login Form Main Menu Client Form —————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ INPUT Computer Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 Microsoft Access 2003 or 2007 PROCESS Data coding System design System Analysis Installing Software OUTPUT Pawnshop System Design (PSSD) Pawnshop system design (PSSD)

Have Gun, Will Travel…to Work

Question 1: Assume that either the Second Amendment or state law gives you a legal right to keep a gun in your car. Do you also have a moral right to do this? Do you have a moral, not only a legal, right to own a gun? Do you have either a moral or a legal right to park a car with a loaded gun in a public parking lot regardless of what the lot’s owner wants? No, I do not have a moral right keep a gun in my car regardless to the Second Amendment or state law gives me the right to keep a gun in my car. Although having a gun in your car is your legal right, the company policy may state it is prohibited.The difference between moral and legal is that your legal right supersedes moral rights. In today society the law over rides the moral aspect of most situations. If you are parked in a public parking lot and it is posted clearly no weapon allowed on the property then you must abide by their rules. Question 2: In your view, do employees have either a moral or a legal right to park ca rs with guns in them in the company parking lot? If so, what about the property rights and safety concerns of employers?If employees don’t have this right, would it be good policy for companies to allow them to stow guns in their cars anyway? Do companies have good grounds for being concerned about weapons in their parking lots? Employees do not have the right to disobey company policies regardless of their moral beliefs. When you are employed by a company, no matter how large or small they are, they have some form of written policies on what they expect of the their employees. Most companies have some type of mission statement about maintaining a safe work place environment.No it would not be a good idea for companies to allow guns to be stored in employees cars if there is a policy of no weapons in place. Companies have very good reason for been concerned with weapon in their parking lots because there are over five hundred work place homicides per year; in addition, 1. 5 m illion employees are assaulted at work, many of them by coworkers or former employees. Question 3: Do you agree with the NRA that if companies ban guns from their parking lots, this restriction would take â€Å"a wrecking ball to the Second Amendment† or nullify the right of people to have weapons for self-defense?Explain why or why not. In your view, have gun advocates been guilty of politicizing this issue? Do you think state legislatures are right to get involved, or should the matter be left to companies and employees to settle? No, I do not agree with the NRA that if companies ban guns from their parking lots, this restriction would take â€Å"a wrecking ball to the Second Amendment† or nullify the right of people to have weapons for self defense. The Second Amendment gives the owner of the property the right to refuse weapons on their private property.I feel everyone believes in the Second Amendment but some people feel more strongly about this issue than others and it is a political issue. The state legislature should not get involved when it pertains to the issue of private property such as company property policies. These types of matters should be left up to the company and their policy makers. Question 4: Because the workplace is the company’s private property, the company could choose, if it wished, to allow employees to bring guns not only into the parking lot but into the workplace itself.Are there ever circumstances in which doing so might be reasonable? Or would the presence of guns automatically violate the rights of other employees to be guaranteed a safe working environment? Some companies allow employees to bring guns not only into the parking lot but into the workplace itself such as police officers, security officers, banks, pawnshops and anywhere the company policy states that guns are allow with the permission of the company. This would not be a violation of the rights of other employees because it is the policy of the company.With such a policy there would have to be some sort of qualification, licensing, and liability. Question 5: What would a libertarian say about this issue? What considerations would a utilitarian have to take into account? What conclusion might he or she draw? A libertarian believes identify justice with an ideal of liberty. Liberty is the prime value, and justice consists in permitting each person to live as he or she pleases, free from interference of others. So, on the matter of gun control in the work place, a libertarian would say, â€Å"If he or she wants to carry a gun then no one should interfere†.Utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions. In this matter a utilitarian would believe that the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. Question 6: If you were on a company’s board of directors, what policy would you recommend regarding handguns, rifles, or other weapons in employees’ cars? In making your recommendation, what factors would you take into account?Would it make a difference how large the company was, the nature of its workforce, or where it was located? If you support banning firearms from the parking lot, what steps, if any, do you think the company should take to enforce that policy? I would recommend the policy of weapons free workplace which would include handguns, rifles, and other weapons in employees’ cars on company property. I would factor in the type of business, the nature of the workforce and where it’s located and then make a sound discussion.If necessary, I would have armed security officers for the safety of the employees and therefore the no weapons policy would still apply. Question 7: Explain whether (and why) you agree or disagree with the following argument: â€Å"If employees have the right to keep guns in the parking lot, then they also have a right to bring them into workplace. After all, we’re only talking about licensed, responsible owners, and same rationale applies: An employee might need a weapon for self-protection. What if a lunatic starts shooting up the company? † I disagree with part of this statement and agree with the other part.I agree with the statement because this is how people think, if they are allowed to bring their guns in the parking lot why not push the boundary and take it inside the building. Yah, you’re talking about licensed, responsible owners, and same rationale applies: An employee might need a weapon for self-protection. What if a lunatic starts shooting up the company? † What if the people allowed to carry that gun on property becomes the lunatic? When policies are put into place there’s usually a reason or a prevention method. Allowing people to have a weapon that close if they get mad or fired would be irresponsib le on the company’s part.

Making the World a Better Place Philosophy 1001, Dr. Cara Nine

Making the World a Better Place Philosophy 1001, Dr. Cara Nine ‘Better Place’? ‘Making the world†¦ ’? Making the world a better place There are two sets of philosophical questions: 1. What is ‘good’ or ‘better’? (That is, what does a ‘better world look like and why? ) 2. What kinds of actions are ‘right’? (What are we justified in doing to bring about the good? ) Ideas of the good life Hedonism Desire Satisfaction Theory Objective Goods Theory Theories of Right Action Utilitarian Deontological Feminist Virtue Theory Cases Protesting Unjust Government Aiding an impoverished community Torture Letter to MenoeceusBy Epicurus (341-270 BC) Epicurus ‘Hedonism’ in popular culture http://www. hedonism. com/ Hedonism: Different kinds of desires. Just to be clear†¦ â€Å"It is not an unbroken succession of drinking-bouts and of merrymaking, not sexual love, not the enjoyment of the fish and other deli cacies of a luxurious table†¦ † For Hedonism: â€Å"For the end of all our actions is to be free from pain and fear† Intrinsic vs. Instrumental goods Instrumental good Intrinsic Good For Epicurus, Happiness is secured by: A tranquil emotional state. Example: We should not fear death Evidence : Misery clearly hampers the good life; happiness clearly improves it.But, is happiness what we want for our loved ones? I recall a talk by a doctor who described a patient of his (who had perhaps had a prefrontal lobotomy) as ‘perfectly happy all day long picking up leaves. ’ This impressed me because I thought, ‘Well, most of us are not happy all day long doing the things we do,’ and realized how strange it would be to think that the very kindest of fathers would arrange such an operation for his (perfectly normal) child. –Philippa Foot, Natural Goodness, p. 65 Desire Theory and Problems with Hedonism Hedonism Happiness is the only intrinsical ly valuable good. A happy life is a good life.The argument from evil pleasures Hedonism’s response: Happiness from evil actions IS as good as happiness from virtuous actions. The Paradox of Hedonism Happiness is like a butterfly—the more you pursue it, the more it eludes you. Be still and let it come to you. Paradox of Hedonism 1. If happiness is the only thing that directly makes us better off, then it is rational to single-mindedly pursue it. 2. It isn’t rational to do that. 3. Therefore, happiness isn’t the only thing that directly makes us better off. Argument from multiple harms: If hedonism is true, then you can be harmed by something only because it saddens you.You can be harmed in other ways. Therefore, hedonism is false. False Happiness Nozick’s Experience Machine Experience Machine Nozick thinks that the real life is clearly better, despite equal levels of happiness. What makes the real life better? Desires and The good We desire for our lives to be based in reality. This desire matters. Other desires matter, too. Desire Satisfaction Theory The good life is getting what you want. Something is good for you if and only if it satisfies your desires. Good things about desire-satisfaction theory Allows for a variety of ‘good’ lives. Good things about desire-satisfaction theoryPrioritizes personal autonomy and avoids paternalism Avoids objective values â€Å"objective† = fixed independently of your desires and opinions â€Å"subjective† = refers to your desires and opinions Motivation? Problems with the Desire Satisfaction Theory Getting what you want may not promote your good Desires based on false beliefs Fix! The desire must be based on informed beliefs. More Problems Dis-interested or Other-regarding desires Problems, cont. Disappointment: I was playing great tennis†¦ I’d finally taken my game to what felt like a notch above all my opponents’. It should have been greatâ₠¬ ¦ But it wasn’t.It felt hollow—It reminded me of the story of King Midas: My success wasn’t translating into happiness. –John McEnroe—(with James Kaplan, You Cannot be Serious) Impoverished Desires Objective Goods Theories of the Good Life Hedonism Desire Satisfaction Theory Objective Goods Theory Objective Goods Theory What is good is defined independent of your desires or opinions. Objective well-being concept: Income? The objective/universal approach defended Nussbaum’s approach http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Qy3YTzYjut4 Appeals to ‘natural law theory’, that things are good when a thing fulfills its nature. Things are bad when they are unnatural.Solves (? ) Hume’s argument We can know only two sorts of claims: conceptual truths or empirical truths. Moral claims are neither conceptual nor empirical truths. Therefore, we can have no moral knowledge. Natural law theory’s response: If you know the nature of â⠂¬Ëœhuman’, and what it takes to fulfil our human nature, then we can know what is morally good. Options for objective goods: Happiness Options for objective goods: Autonomy Relationship with other objective goods. Essence of ‘human’ Possible problem with adding autonomy to the list: Cultural variations. But Do we have to be culturally relative? Options for objective goods:A sense of self Having commitments, likes and dislikes, values and goals. Options for objective goods: Morality Aristotelian virtue Human flourishing– â€Å"If you concern yourself not at all with what you owe to others or with what they need from you, you live in profound isolation. .. Morality is good for us because it †¦ gives me a kind of friendship not just with my friends but with everyone. † (Kazez 54) Martha Nussbaum: Basic capabilities. Life. Bodily health Bodily integrity. Senses, imagination, thought. Emotions. Practical reason. Affiliation. Other species. Play. Co ntrol over one's environment.Possible problem with the objective theory†¦ Utilitarianism Theories of Right Action What should I do or not do? Utilitarianism A brand of consequentialism An action is morally required just because it produces the best results. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Utilitarianism (1861) The quest for ‘the good’ is identified with the question of what is right and wrong to do. Mill writes: â€Å"All action is for the sake of some end and rules of action, it seems natural to suppose, must take their whole character and color from the end to which they are subservient. â€Å" (in other words†¦ The ends justify the means! ) 1.Rationality in choice of conduct is maximizing the satisfaction of one's chosen goal (or the goal that is best to pursue). 2. The rational goal of human striving is happiness, and happiness consists in pleasure and the absence of pain. I should do what maximizes happiness-for-me-over-my-entire-life. Acting effectively t o achieve this goal is being prudent. Prudence requires a kind of impartiality. So†¦ In merely individualistic terms: Ice cream NOW = 2 units of Happiness, and 3 units of Pain later. To maximize happiness over my entire life, I should not have ice cream now. But Mill’s utilitiarianism is universal project (not individualistic! 3. Human striving 4. The moral goal involves impartiality. One person's good counts the same, in the determination of what is to be done, as the same-sized good of any other person. 5. The moral goal equals the aggregate happiness of all persons. 6. So, moral rationality demands that we maximize aggregate human happiness. †¦ and animals? Problems†¦ Utility monster: Trolley Problem Trolley Problem Trolley Problem Trolley Problem Deontology Kantian ethics Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) What matters with regard to whether an action is right or wrong is what kind of an action it is. (The end doesn’t justify the means! )Kantian Deontology Pe rson’s essence = autonomy Autonomy = self+rule Ethical principles follow logically. Consistency and Fairness Equal with regards to our autonomous rational personhood. What if everybody did that? How would you like it if I did that to you? Problem Case If disastrous results would occur if everyone did X, then X is immoral. Redescribe the act? But this makes the morality of an act merely a matter of its description. Kant’s answer: The Categorical Imperative (version 1): Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Is a maxim universalizable?Formulate your maxim clearly. Imagine a world in which everyone supports and acts on on your maxim. Then ask: Can the goal of my action be achieved in such a world? Example: Lying The universalized maxim of lying generates a contradiction. Categorical Imperative (version 2): The Principle of Humanity Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. Persons are rational agents The moral law is the law of reason So we rational beings are beyond value since we are the sources of value ‘Means’ only: Used as a means AND respected as rational agent at the same time: problems with the principle of humanity: The notion of treating someone as an end is vague. 2. The principle fails to give us good advice about how to determine what people deserve. – punishment and Lex Talionis (Law of Retaliation) 3. The principle assumes that we are genuinely autonomous, but that assumption may be false. Baron d’Holbach The Argument Against Autonomy 1. Either our choices are necessitated or they are not. 2. If they are necessitated, then they are out of our control, and so we lack autonomy. 3. If they are not necessitated, then they are random, and so we lack autonomy. 4.Therefore, we lack autonomy. 4. The principle cannot explain why those who lack rationality and auto nomy are deserving of respect. – What is the scope of the moral community? Argument against animals 1. If the principle of humanity is true, then animals have no rights. 2. If animals lack rights, then it is morally acceptable to torture them. 3. Therefore, if the principle of humanity is true, then it is morally acceptable to torture animals. 4. It isn’t. 5. Therefore, the principle of humanity is false. Feminist Ethics â€Å"The male is by nature superior, and the female inferior; the one rules, and the other is ruled. –Aristotle â€Å"As regards her individual nature, each woman is defective and mis-begotten. † –Aquinas â€Å"[W]omen must be trained to bear the yoke from the first, so that they may not feel it, to master their own caprices and to submit themselves to the will of others. † –Rousseau â€Å"†¦ laborious learning or painful pondering, even if a woman should greatly succeed in it†¦ They will weaken the charm s with which she exercises her great power over the other sex†¦. Her philosophy is not to reason, but to sense. † –Kant Feminist Ethics Previous (male-dominated) philosophy: Made false claims about women.Identified female with nature/animals and male with reason/human. Ignored female experiences and perspectives. Un Chien Andalou , 1929 silent surrealist short film by the Spanish director Luis Bunuel and artist Salvador Dali General Approach: Women are the moral equals of men. â€Å"The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions. †Ã¢â‚¬â€œHina Jilani, lawyer and human rights activist 2. Experiences of women deserve our respect and are vital to a full and accurate understanding of morality. Some statistics: Women’s nominal wages are 17 percent lower than men’s.Women perform 66 percent of the world’s work, produce 50 percent of the food, but earn 10 percent of the income and own 1 percent of the property. 3. Traits that have traditionally been associated with women are at least as morally important as traditionally masculine traits. 4. Cooperation, flexibility, openness to competing ideas, and a connectedness to family and friends, are often superior to ways of reasoning that emphasize impartiality, abstraction, and strict adherence to rules. Lawrence Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral development: Moral Development: Gilligan Women fared poorly on Kohlberg’s model. Advancing to only around stage 3. ) Women tend to think and experience the world differently than men. Gilligan’s model or moral thinking: In A Different Voice Women’s Experience Justice is†¦. blind Dr. Denis Mukwege tries to restore dignity in Congo. Women’s Experience: Vulnerability to Rape Major-General Patrick Cammaert, former commander of UN peacekeeping forces in the eastern Congo: â€Å"It has probably become more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in armed co nflict. † Perceptions of rape in war: From: something that is inevitable when men are deprived of female companionship for prolonged periodsTo: an actual tactic in conflict. Effect on victim: Rape is always torture. Women’s Experience Increased dependence and diminished autonomy. Fewer choices and less control over important aspects of their lives (than men). Central fact of most women’s lives is their dependence. Consider a moral assumption: stand up for our rights and defend our honour against attacks: Does a woman stand up to an abusive husband, knowing she may be killed, have her children taken away from her, not know where her next meal will come from? Not just women We all are deeply connected with others.Moral philosophy that pretends that we are fully autonomous beings without dependent relationships fail to take an important part of human life into account. Ethics of Care Importance of Emotions â€Å"Reason is a slave of the passions. † –Da vid Hume Motivates. Helps us Understand (Sympathy/Empathy) Care: combination of sympathy, empathy, sensitivity, and love. Particular vs. Universal Describes our obligations. Particular obligations = I have them only to particular people. Universal obligations = I have them to all persons. A strict version of Ethics of Care theory denies the existence of universal obligations.Ethics of Care: Moral obligations come from RELATIONSHIPS. Relationship roles will sometimes require of you conflicting actions. There is no easy formula. Problems with the Ethics of Care: Must be supplemented by other theories. Or risk restricting the scope of the moral community too much. Role of emotions needs further exploration. Downgrading impartiality has its costs. Review Theories of ‘The Right’ Utilitarianism Theory Pleasure/freedom from pain is the only intrinsic good. An action is morally required just because it produces the best results. Rationality Impartiality Maximize human happiness UtilitarianismPositives Intuitive Matches good with the right Equality Useful for social policy Utilitarianism Negatives Utility monster Animals? Conflicts with Justice Deontology Theory (Study of Duty) The end doesn’t justify the means Derived from Autonomy (self + rule) Deontology Categorical Imperative 1: Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Deontology Categorical Imperative 2, The Principle of Humanity: Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. Deontology PositivesExplains duties of justice Clear rules Equality Intuitive Deontology Negatives Principles difficult to apply Problems with autonomy Scope? Feminism Theory Men and women are moral equals. All of human experience deserves our attention/respect. ‘Feminine traits’ are as morally relevant as ‘male traits’ Interpersonal ways of moral re asoning are often superior to abstract, universalized, rule-governed moral reasoning. Care/Relationships Feminism Positives Embraces full account of human experience Can account for interpersonal moral reasoning, dependence. Feminism Negatives Problems with accounts from emotion Downgrades impartiality

Anorexia Nervousa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anorexia Nervousa - Research Paper Example This article highlights on the available reported cases regarding anorexia nervosa besides talking about the possible cases and the ultimate treatment methods. Introduction Anorexia nervosa represents one of the psychiatric disorders which associates with abnormal eating behavior, aggressive weight loss and psychiatric comorbidities (Gila et al, p. 480). Individuals with anorexia nervosa normally faces the fear of eating normally because of the fear of gaining weight. The disease normally have severe effects on individuals. It is often difficult for the individuals to know that they are suffering from the disease thereby furthering the effects of the disease. Because of the fear of gaining weight, the individuals will do anything within their effort to ensure that they have gained weight. Some of the individuals end up starving, while some seek for aggressive physical exercising in order to lose weight. These individuals may feel that they are on their daily efforts of cutting down o n their weight, when it is actually anorexia nervosa. They have the feeling that they are perfecting their nature and controlling their body weight which may not be true. The disease is often common on young women who believe that being thing is a perfectionism. The following are some of the facts about anorexia nervosa: Facts about nervosa Statistics shows that the presentation of anorexia nervosa among individuals in the society has been on the increase since the late 1960s with the female constituting gender with higher prevalence. The prevalence in females is 10 to 20 times as regarded in that of male. This statistics provide a background for studying the influence of the disease in the society (Andersen, p. 728). Many of the reported cases in the hospitals also shows that around 90% of the patients admitted because of anorexia nervosa were women. The figures are a good illustration of that women serve as the major individuals susceptible of the disease. The trend on women arise s because of the trends of lifestyle that most of the female individuals are likely to live. The statistics also show that among the women, those mostly susceptible of the disease are the women living in upper class besides those in urban societies. They are mostly educated and professionals individuals who are in the peak of exploiting their knowledge. Another striking statistics is that around 5% of the adolescent girls exhibit the symptoms of anorexia nervosa hence bringing to conclusion that the disease can affect an individual irrespective of their ages. Further, the influence of contemporary lifestyle also have considerable effect on the number of young men and adolescent boys being susceptible to the disease. These are surprising facts which must be taken into consideration during the war against the disease. Most of the named individuals in the above statistics do not always recognize the presence of the disease. A study carried in the UK also shows that 1% of women existing within the age bracket of 15-30 years always suffer from nervosa. This is indifferent to the number of men, within the same age group, whose statistics is always varying. Studies also shows that the most susceptible individuals are those who hold unrealistic expectations about their weight. Case presentation from Iraq This is case about MR is a perfect illustration of the experience an individual may have when suffering from anorexia nervosa. MR,

Credible Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Credible Ethics - Essay Example That is, being not irascible. In this case, it is a deficiency. It would, as well, be a vice if one get too angry and, therefore, irascible. In this case, it is in excess. What would be a virtue would entail being mild. That is, not being deficient of anger or having excess anger, but the mean. Aristotle is correct to state that virtue is a transition between two extremes, deficiency and excess. This is because moral virtues differ from intellectual virtues. Taking moral virtues from this perspective puts emphasis on the notion of the soul. The view brings the soul close to the body and refutes the ground that the soul is independent of the body. It emphasizes on the three components of the soul (passions, faculties and characters). In Aristotle’s view, the ability to control desires constitutes (moral) virtue (Fieser 36). For, instance, Aristotle does not praise or direct blames to people for experiencing anger as an emotion. He rather tends to praise the notion that characters only experience anger only when it is necessary, probably by situations that prevail. It, therefore, provides that virtue do not link with the capabilities of the

The Time between Death and the Discovery of the Corpse Assignment

The Time between Death and the Discovery of the Corpse - Assignment Example This highlighted the aim of the study to show the importance of considering the effects of larval crowding that could cause PMI errors during casework. It was found out that increased larval crowding resulted in faster development of C. vomitoria and the size of C. vomitoria that could cause overestimation and underestimation of PMI respectively if not accounted for during casework. The major limitation of this research is that the study only explored development during larval stages. This means that further investigations are needed before making direct comparisons with the results. Moreover, comparison with other studies was difficult because the muscle used in each experiment had a different origin and was likely to cause variation in the results. The consideration of space available to larvae within a culture affects competitive interactions would be required. The research had several strengths while conducting the research. The researchers ensured that food was always in excess so that competitive effects could be ruled out. They also reared the cultures in different pig tissue enabling them to determine the development rate at different larval densities in cultures reared in the brain, liver, and muscle while keeping the experimental conditions identical. The effects of larval crowding at three intervals on each of the three tissues were observed for the greatest changes in body tissues. It was found out that the brain was the least nourishing and due to lower protein levels and higher water content, there was rapid consumption compared to the other tissues. In conclusion, the research was justified because it effectively gave light to how overcrowding during larval stages of development resulted in a competitive feeding environment, therefore, affecting size, development rate, and survival.  

Early Greek Legacy - Choice of topics listed Essay

Early Greek Legacy - Choice of topics listed - Essay Example did not have any belief in material image of God- no creature can represent the creator. Whereas in Eastern religions like Hinduism, the material images of God is worshiped. They believed in the personality of human of being in God like he could be angry, even jealous, but his primary attributes were righteousness, justice mercy, truth and faithfulness. He is represented as king, Judge and shepherd. Whereas in Hinduism various deities are worshiped at shrines; the divine trinities, representing the cyclical nature of the universe, are Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. The first books of Hebrew law contain legal writings of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. The fifth book of the Bible was called Deuteronomy [Second Law] primarily a report of the last words and deeds of Moses. It contains numerous laws, often in the context of interpretation and preaching whereas Hindu law preaches the birth, death and rebirth of living things, and its precepts cover many more activities than does any secular legal system. The Hebrew people gave Torah special reverence than the portion of the Hebrew Bible because the written Torah which consists of the five books of Moses, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy .The scrolls are considered mostly holy. Whereas the Hebrew Bible which is also called as the Jewish Bible even though it consists of Hebrew Scriptures, 39 books originally written in Hebrew, except for a few sections in Aramaic, the script of Hebrew Bible was not given importance while compared to Torah which valued the tradition without any modification. In the case of the covenant between God and the Hebrew people, God’s obligation is conceived as the defense or vindication of the people .His righteousness is shown by his saving arts [see, for instance ,psalms 98:2;Isaiah 51:5] Hebrew’s obligation on the other hand ,is to obey the will of God as disclosed in the Torah, the law. Yes, each party honored the

Ethics in the Business Research and Reporting Process Paper

Ethics in the Business and Reporting Process - Research Paper Example Ethical Concerns in Business Research and Reporting Plagiarism Business research and reporting, calls for no condoning of plagiarism since it effects badly on the integrity of the business. Plagiarism in business research may include previous reviews, historical researches, methodological and even interpretations of other previous researchers. Every research conducted in business that uses ideas from previous research must acknowledge the source properly. Tenbrunsel and Messick argue that if research is conducted by a group it is unethical for one person to claim responsibility for the finished product. All members who participated in a research should be accorded proper acknowledgement wherever practical (1996). Misuse of Privileged Information In the course of undertaking business research and reporting, the researcher usually comes into contact with privileged information. The use of privileged information may take the form of plagiarism; for instance when information concerning p roposals for grant applications is not kept in confidence by a researcher, or when an editor does not keep draft manuscripts in confidence which may preempt rights of first publication. Such actions may end up depriving the originator of the idea of due acknowledgement and profit. The breaching of confidentiality by a researcher is a serious matter as it may expose the researcher to legal obligations of intellectual theft if the information is subsequently used by unauthorized entities (Pimple, 2008). Data Management There are various ethical issues under data management which the business researcher has to adhere to such as; the integrity of data; the use or misuse of data; access and ownership to data and retention and storage of data. The significance of ensuring the integrity of data cannot be overstated. The giving of false or fabricated data is a serious breach of the ethical standards in business research and reporting. The business researcher will be held accountable for any findings presented which leads to erroneous decision making. The researcher should not release findings which are yet to be confirmed until he has confirmed them. It is the responsibility of the researcher to maintain clear record of his research which would enable a validation of the research conducted (Farell & Fraedrich, 2011). As such the researcher must store his research in a manner which enables other people to easily access it for review. A researcher who errs in the representation of material unknowingly is however exempted from liability unless reckless misconduct can be proved. A good example is a researcher who is supposed to interview 17 people in a firm, he has interviewed 13 but he is wary of getting late for his plane leaving for a holiday in Hawaii. He makes his conclusions based on the 13 which is a breach as the information is potentially misleading. Concerning the use and misuse of data, it is important for the researcher to acquaint himself with the relevant re search methodology and use it in the right way. Ethical standards in reporting and research require that all information that is relevant be included in the final analysis. Disregard of any information should be explained if liability for gross misconduct is to be avoided. Any changes in methodology or protocol in an ongoing research must be sanctioned by management and

Computer-aided image processing for bacterial cell enumeration Essay

Computer-aided image processing for bacterial cell enumeration - Essay Example There appear several inhibitors in the way of counting colonies to ensure effectiveness of the method. The inhibitors include; methods of handling confluent development of the development of colonies that lean or overlaps other colonies, the methods of differentiating colonies regardless of the different form, volume, their feel, light intensity amongst other factors (Daims, 2007) The methods ensure accuracy in counting. A devise termed as a colony counter assists in including colonies in bacteria and varied microorganisms thriving in an algae plate. The method applied in overcoming the hindrances includes thresholding, segmentation methods, time domain frequency method, watersheding method, edge detection and morphology operator methods, regional descriptors amongst others. These methods emit a heightened level of accurateness. The projected counter proves highly reliable at both levels of correctness and memory; it also proves flexible and efficient in terms of effort and time savi ng (National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.) and United States, 2006) Keywords Some of the key words in the study includes Bacteria colony, thresholding, morphology, water shedding. Introduction Bacteria colony counting appears vital in quantitative, accurate judgment of pathogens in clinical investigations and diagnosis. The manual process of counting bacteria appears challenging. The use of an automated colony counting helps in saving time and reduces labor requirements. In a bid to create fast and accurate information, and cut down the use of labor workload, two colony counting techniques come in play. The techniques might apply the use of direct and indirect process of counting the colonies. The tradition plate count technique pauses as an indirect technique and often preferred for its cheap nature. Technologies applied for quantification of microbial growth involves: ATP Bioluminescence, spiral plating, the use of membrane filtration, Direct Epi-Florescent Filter Microscopy and Membrane laser scanning, Fluorescence amongst others. Various hindrances require addressing for the techniques that count the present colonies. The techniques supply a heightened degree of correctness in counting that could be attained by applying the use of a trained hand on operator. The machine technique; allows the Bacteria to grow on a filter within a period of 24to 48 hours to examine the contamination level of the sample (Mittal and Matsko, 2012).   The microbiologists’ uses dye to identify the bacteria clearly and ease the counting process. In an industry setting, thousands of such samples appear per day; the colonies on each side remain counted manually. This consumes a lot of time and increases the chances of errors. The aim of the project remains to create software that saves time and produces the exact outcomes and ensures competence to customers. The project extension designs allows for colonies counting for a period of 6 to 8 hours before, which saves time . The paper seems to differentiate the processing of colony figures with colored data; the filter method applies to deionize (Masters, 2006).   Bacteria Bacteria pause as nuclear microorganisms; that thrives in various surfaces of the earth. Bacteriology, the study of bacteria, is a branch in micro biology. Bacteria can grow anywhere on the face of the earth, in soil, acid hot springs amongst other places. Grouped bacteria originate from one common bacterium. A bacteria cell

Practice exams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Practice exams - Assignment Example By analyzing annual balance sheet, one is able to determine the economy-wide Assets, Net worth as well as liabilities. d. Analysis of a country’s international investment position as well as balance of payments- This is where one looks into investments a country has made in other parts of twirled and this forms part of the assets. c. Why do bank orientated financial systems compared to market orientated financial systems tend to have more severe economic downturns (or loss of output and bigger asset price falls) during a financial crisis? (3 marks) Financial systems relying on the banking systems tend to develop their own policies and therefore have their own pricing. On the other hand, market oriented work with tee current trends in the world economy and therefore it is easy for them to prepare for economic crisis. What are the four main supply-side factors that domestic policymakers can target in order to raise the â€Å"potential output/ income† of an economy? (4 marks) Provide a recent policy example for Australia. (1 mark) What are the potential costs and benefits for China to easing restrictions and eventually liberalizing cross-border capital flows between China and the rest of the world? (Pros and cons - 2 marks each = 4 marks) China should involve other participants in the financial markets in regulation and control of its growth credit and deposit rates. This will encourage more international investors into their financial systems. a. The current account surplus of China has reduced from over 10% of GDP in 2007 to a projected surplus of about 2.4% of GDP in 2014. While the US current account deficit has reduced from almost 5% of GDP in 2007 and forecast to be a deficit of about 2.8% of GDP in 2014. What does this indicate? (5 marks) b. A key driver of relatively low global bond yields in recent years has been the â€Å"global savings glut†, whereby many Asian & oil exporting countries ran large

Racial Profiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racial Profiling - Research Paper Example It should be noted that there are many organizations which advocate for human rights and all individuals must be respected whether they come from a minority group or a dominant group. The idea that an arrest is made based race or ethnicity is only an indication that those countries or people in that nation still practice racial discrimination which is a bad concept. When the law is being implemented it must be implemented equally on all people in the society and should not be seen to lie on one side. People or different races have rights and when their rights are violated it becomes not only an issue in that country but also raises international concerns. Racial profiling as a problem It has been seen that racial profiling is any action initiated by the law enforcement agencies whether the police or any other group that is mandated with the authority to enforce the law that is based on race or ethnicity or even the nationality of an individual rather than by looking at the behavior o f that individual or any other information that may lead to the suspect who committed a crime or offence. The idea that because a given race is present in a given place means that they are the ones engaged in criminal activity is rather absurd and should not be tolerated (Tomaskovic-devey, 2009). ... George Bush once said in 2001 in his address that racial profiling is a bad idea and America will work to ensure that it is stopped. He noted that though there are many good police officers out there are a few who are still practicing the vice and they will not be tolerated and measures will be put in place to stop these abuses (Ryberg, 2011). Racial profiling is still a huge problem in the United States law enforcement agencies and especially the police. The police have said that racial profiling is a good concept. That it is both effective and necessary. They say that crime is higher in some communities and not in others especially those that have a minority population existing among them. They argue that the minority population is the one that engages in crimes and that to ignore that fact just because of the moral implications behind it is unprofessional and morally wrong. (Glover, 2007) Many other scholars have argued against this saying that the presence of a minority group in the population does not necessarily mean that they are the ones engaged in the criminal activity. The dominant group may also be responsible for the criminal activity and because they know that the minority group will be accused they hide and only perfect their plans making it even harder to recognize them. The causes of racial profiling are very clear. Scholars argue that the prevalence of this issue is based on poor reasoning from the police officer. They argue that because the cock crows every morning and we see the sun rise does not mean that there is a correlation between the two. Thus because there is crime in a given area and there is the presence of a minority group does not

Job Description and Recruiting Strategies Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Job Description and Recruiting Strategies Worksheet Essay Conduct an interview with someone who has a career or job position that is different from your own. Identify the duties associated with his or her position, as well as any skills and abilities necessary for the position. Use the information gathered in the interview, as well as the Week 3 readings, to complete the following worksheet. Answer each question in paragraph format. JOB ANALYSIS 1. What are the duties and job responsibilities associated with the position held by the individual you interviewed? The responsibilities for a Project Manager: Undertake management responsibilities for some or all aspects of the design and construction of new construction or refurbishment projects Obtain all necessary entitlements Plans and specifications. Tracking, and distribution. Plan check and permits. Tracking timelines, and pulling permits Plan review and bidding Office preparation for the start of construction Jobsite preparation for the start of construction Subcontracting. Prepare contracts, changes and additions to contractual agreements with consultants, suppliers, and subcontractors. Construction budgets and timelines Prepare and submit budget estimates, progress, and cost tracking reports. Implement quality control programs Take actions to deal with the results of delays, bad weather, or emergencies at construction site. Jobsite demobilization. Final budget reconciliation and close out with accounting. After action preparations. Coordination with Property Management, either GLB or building owner. 2. What are the types of knowledge, skills, and abilities that are needed to successfully accomplish the job responsibilities? 1. Bachelor’s degree in Architecture, Engineering, Construction Management, or related field; 2. Professional license/registration/certification preferred; 3. Building and Construction knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction of a building or other structures 4. Experience in negotiating and writing contracts for design professionals and contractors 5. Demonstrated knowledge of applicable laws and regulations governing environmental and construction permitting; and 6. Demonstrated knowledge of OSHPD (in California) procedures and requirements for assignments to projects under OSHPD jurisdiction. 7. Outstanding written and verbal communications skills including the ability to establish goals, set clear expectations, prioritize activities, and follow through to project completion. 8. Strong attention to detail.  9. Ability to weigh business and technical requirements to produce project plans and estimates. 10. Strong organization, time manage ment, and multitasking skills. 11. Strong understanding of all aspects of corporate software development; strong client, server, database, and reporting skills. 3. Does the position require any physical tasks? If so, describe the physical tasks and state their frequency. Is there any additional information about the job that would be beneficial to include in the job description? The overall nature of the position is deskbound in nature requiring little physical effort and occasional light physical exertion. There is occasional exposure to environmental conditions such as heat, cold, temperature changes, industrial noise, and construction hazards usually accompanied by business travel and visits to construction sites. The constant physical demands of the position are talking and hearing. The frequent physical demands of the position are sitting, standing and walking. The occasional physical demands of the position are carrying, pushing, pulling, handling, repetitive motions, and eye/hand/foot coordination JOB Description Compose a 350- to 500-word job description based on the data acquired in your interview. The Project Manager position will be responsible for leading the design build team in the process of design, permitting and construction of all construction projects assigned as your responsibility. This position will be responsible for planning, directing, coordinating, and or budgeting activities concerned with the construction of facilities. This position will also participate in the conceptual development of a construction project and oversee its organization, scheduling, entitlement and implementation. This position requires strategic and analytical thinking skills as well as attention to detail. Recruiting Strategies 1. What are three recruiting strategies that could be used to recruit for this job position? a. Internal through promotion or transfer b. Internet c. News paper 2. In 350- to 500-words, compare and contrast the recruiting strategies you have chosen. Which recruiting strategy would you use to recruit for this position? Why? Obtaining and retaining high-quality employees is critical to an organization’s success. As the employment market becomes increasingly competitive and the available skills grow more diverse, companies need to be more selective in their recruiting choices. I selected three options to compare and contrast: Internal recruiting: This recruiting process can be favorable as the employee will have history of the organization and the training can be minimal. It also builds morale within the organization as you are giving employees the opportunity for career growth. Recruiting internally can also be less costly than going outside to recruit. The downfall for recruiting internally is that is does not always produce the number or quality of  personnel needed. It can also be negative since you are not receiving new outside ideas. Another downfall is that you may cause rivalries between employees. External sources such as the internet and newspaper will provide greater exposure. Advertising in public sources provides the opportunity for more qualified people to apply for the position. The downfall is that it can be more expensive to advertise. For the project manager position, I would advertise the position in external sources such as the internet. Because it is such an important role and has so many responsibilities, you want to get as much exposure to insure a qualified individual.

Evaluating the Key Dimensions of National Culture in the UK

Evaluating the Key Dimensions of National Culture in the UK The following essay is aimed at evaluating the key dimensions of national culture in the UK using the Hofstedes model of national culture. The work is divided into seven sections. The last section presents come conclusion points. Introduction There is not a single unified definition of Culture. Some authors utilize only observable characteristics to construct its definition. Some others claim that culture is not tangible but subjective or implicit. Hofstede, on the other hand, describes culture as mental programming. Generally speaking, the manner in which the things are done. Culture enables an unconscious infrastructure of basic assumptions and beliefs that operate unconsciously (McSweeney, B., 2002). Culture definition, then, raises the question: Do nations have culture? There is a significant literature which supports the argument that each nation has a distinctive, influential, and describable culture. National culture is composed of cultural values, cultural forms, propositions, routines, customs, symbols, rituals, and artefacts (Singh, N., 2004). In this fashion, each nation will develop a particular relation to authority, conception of self (including ego identity) and primary dilemmas of conflict and dealing with them (De Mooij, M., Hofstede, G., 2010). Therefore, evaluating a national culture or defining a reference model for national cultures is a complex task. Researchers have developed sophisticated statistical models to achieve these two objectives. Among them, Hofstedes classification of cultures has broadly adopted due to the large number of countries he measured in his study and the simplicity of his dimensions which are straightforward and appealing to both academic researchers and businessmen (Venaik, S., Brewer, P., 2010). However, Hofstedes study has been criticised because it was applied to a small set of people which worked for the same company, IBM, and considered only cultural values (Verbeke, W., 2000). Even though, Hoefsteds national culture model is broadly studied and employed by marketers, scholars, and business in general (Javidan, M., et al, 2006). This document is aimed at discussing and evaluating the key dimensions of national culture in the UK using the Hofstedes model of national culture. The first section provides a general overview of Hofstedes approach to national culture. The second part provides an insight in the individualism/collectivism dimension of the UKs national culture. The third division discusses the masculinity/femininity dimension. The forth parcel comments the power of distance dimension. The fifth piece argues the uncertainty avoidance dimension. The sixth portion reviews the long-/short term orientation dimension. Finally, the seventh segment concludes. Hofstedes approach to national culture Gerard H. Hofstede developed a model to approach national culture in early 1980s. Hofstede defined culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005 in Migliore, L.A., 2011). His definition was aligned to the classic theory of personality structure and culture. Under the umbrella of this theory, members of a specific culture will internalize communal characteristics and develop a corresponding personality structure. Nevertheless, classic theory also assumes that culture shapes personality. Thus, individuals vary according to cultures (Kirkman, B.L., et al, 2006). In this manner, Hofstede underpins his study in two concepts of national cultural: Common individual national culture and statistical average. Common individual national culture refers to the common characteristics that individuals share in a particular nation. Thus, a unique national culture is assumed to be individually carried by everyone in a nation. The statistical average, on the other hand, presupposes that the share of national culture is as not necessarily carried by individuals per se, but as a statistical average based on individuals, that is, a national norm or an average tendency (Blodgett, et al, 2008). Hofstede stated that societies are different along four major dimensions: individualism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty-avoidance (Vitell, S.J., et al, 1993). Some years latter (1991) Hofstede and Bond added a fifth dimension, labelled the Confucian dynamism or short-term versus long-term orientation (Chiang, F., 2005). The model provides scales from 0 to 100 for 76 countries for each dimension, and each country has a position on each scale or index, relative to other countries. In general terms, Hofstedes work is based on mental programs. Due to the process of socialization, these mental programs are developed in the family in early childhood and reinforced in schools and organizations, and other areas throughout the lifetime, experiences, and upbringings. Hofstedes work has been the benchmark for cultural analysis for the last three decades (Orr, L. M., Hauser, W. J., 2008). However, Hofstedes model has also been highly criticised. Its constraints can be summed in four points: 1. Lengthy data collection period. 2 The IBM sample (Since all respondents shared a common corporate culture which may distinguish them from the broader national population). 3 Inefficiency of the instrument (the use of attitude-survey questionnaires might not be a valid base from which to infer values). 4 Limited dimensions/Limitation of the instrument and Western bias (the values sampled were not comprehensive; thus the dimensions identified may not be exhaustive (Latifi, F., 2006). The results of Hofstedes study are presented in a table. Each dimension is displayed in a column. Results can be read in the following manner: Individualism/Collectivism: From collectivist (0) to individualist (100), Masculinity/Femininity: From feminine (0) to masculine (100), Power distance: From low (0) to high (100), Uncertainty avoidance: From weak (0) to strong (100), and Long-/Short Term Orientation: From short (0) to long (100). Hofstedes model may not be a perfect, but it is a good way to approach national culture analysis and understand nations in terms of these five dimensions. Its simplicity has underpinned its popularity. Modelling social processes is a hard task, but continual improvement will help researches to find out more accurate and simple models which transmit in an easy manner the reality (Redding, G., et al, 2008). Individualism/Collectivism Individualism/Collectivism measures the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high score indicates a loose connection with people. In countries with a high score there is a lack of interpersonal connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low Individualism/Collectivism score would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also larger and people take more responsibility for each others well being (Hofstede, G., 2003). According to Hofstedes analysis, the UK has a mark of 89 in this dimension and is the number 3 in the global rank (Hofstede, G., 2003). Thus, UK society tends to have high valuation on peoples time and their need for freedom. It also has an enjoyment of challenges, and an expectation of rewards for hard work and a high respect for privacy. The UKs individualism can be observed in the number of single-occupancy property number. According to UKs government, the number has increased a 13% during the last 30 years (BBC, 2004). Individualism has also created a culture which is highly oriented to reward the hard work. As an example, the banking sector in the UK is well known for motivating its employees by granting bonuses according to objective accomplishment. Bonuses are, somehow, a way to pay tribute to peoples time. Government faced a strong resistance after the global financial crisis when conservative faction legislated to finish this practice. Financial institution claimed that reward mechanism was necessary to motivate people to invest their time to achieve firms objectives (BBC, 2009). Another expression of UKs individualism is the personal-information respect. UKs data protection laws protects information of any individual regardless his legal or social status. Leakages in private information are seen as major faults (BBC, 2010). The emphasis on the individual rather than the society has also roomed a debate culture which is spread across UKs society. The typical example is the parliament where each representative is allowed debating his ideas with any other member. Additionally, almost all major legislations are open to debate (BBC, 2010a). Thus, debate culture is easily identified in UKs people. From the authors point of view, individualism is a well known characteristic of Britons. This is perceptible, for instance, when comparing evaluation results. International student tend to share their grades since they want to assess how well they are doing it. But, British students consider this as a rude practice. Britons are very well known for their verbal skills which allow them to debate and argument in a solid manner. Generally speaking, the author agrees with Hofstedes results in this dimension, since individualism is almost a stereotyped characteristic of the British people. Masculinity/Femininity Masculinity/Femininity determines to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High scores are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a society with a low Masculinity/Femininity score, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success (Hofstede, G., 2003). The mark in this dimension for the UK is 66 and the ninth position worldwide (Hofstede, G., 2003).This mark can be considered as even. In this manner, UK people have a well defined distinction between mens work and womens work, a woman can do anything a man can do, and powerful and successful women are admired and respected. Women rights evolution can be tracked since 1860 in the UK. They have acquired relevant positions in the government and private sector. For instance, the UKs head of the state, the queen Elizabeth II, has been on charge since 1952 (59 years). There are also another politicians and business women who are well known and admired (BBC, 2010b). However, there are still some activities which are considered as women duties. For example, housekeeping and children care (The economist, 2010). According to authors opinion, the UK offers equal opportunities to men and women. This is assured by the equality laws and the Government equalities office. Even though, within the families women still play a traditional role. They receive the same education than boys, but they are also trained to look after their children in the future. Thus, education in girls is seen as a complement of their main duties. In one hand, women are given the same opportunities than men, but in the other hand women have not been detached to the maternity role. Women, at work, are more independent and highly compromised with business objectives, thus, they are seen as trustworthy collaborators. Nevertheless, UKs public and private sector should work more to ensure women the same status as men (BBC, 2006). The combination of all these conditions explains why UKs mark is in the middle of the scale. Masculinity dimension rank may decrease, but it will require the involvement of all society actors, education al programs, and time. Power Distance Power Distance measures the degree of inequality that exists, and is accepted, among people with and without power. A high score indicates that society accepts an unequal distribution of power and people understand their function in the system. Low score means that power is shared and well dispersed. It also means that society members view themselves as equals (Hofstede, G., 2003). UK scores 35, thus its global position is the 44 (Hofstede, G., 2003). This mark implies that UKs organizations have almost flat structures, thus, bureaucracy has been reduced to optimum levels. Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals, thus, accountability is evenly distributed. In this manner, public and private bodies can be flexible, dynamic, and resilient. Teamwork is also considered a valuable competency. Alongside, the decision making process is highly inclusive since it involves as many people as possible. An example of this distribution of power can be found in the government dependencies which are spread across the country (BBC, 2009a). Teamwork is taught since early education stages. The objective is to combine individuals capacities in order to create a comprehensive body which can deal with a broad range of scenarios and challenges. Team sports are a clear example of the emphasis on teamwork. Team sports are part of the educational system and are intensively promoted in the UKs schools (BBC, 2008).Talking about decision-making process, participation is encouraged in private and public institutions. In private sector, employees are managed to express their opinions about firms strategies via corporative communication tools (BBC, 2009b). In the public sector, people have several communication channels to get involved in the decision making process. Major changes in legislation, for instance, are open to involved parties in order to gather as much information as possible. Based upon feedback, representatives amend, reject, or approve laws (BBC, 2010a). In authors opinion, UKs people present a mixture of centralized and decentralized characteristics. Some parts of the government, for instance, are capable to take action without any central permission, but there are some others which have necessarily to ask to central branches authorization to proceed. In the same manner, not all legislations are open to consult, thus, not all decisions are collectively made. It is worth to say that these comments do not undermine Hofstedes results. The aim of this opinion is to point out that UKs characteristics cannot be clearly classified since the whole system is a combination of central and distributed power. In conclusion, the author endorses Hofstedes result in this dimension. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance evaluates the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. High scoring nations try to avoid ambiguous situations whenever possible. They are governed by rules and order and they seek a collective truth. Low scores indicate the society enjoys novel events and values differences. There are very few rules and people are encouraged to discover their own verity (Hofstede, G., 2003). In this dimension UK was rated 35 and its place in the study is the 48th (Hofstede, G., 2003). Thus, people in the UK have an informal business attitude, that is, they pay more attention to the essence rather than the form of the business. In this manner, a business objective can be achieved in relaxed business environment. UKs society is more concern with long term strategy than what is happening on a daily basis. Another of their characteristics is the change and risk acceptance. UKs people face the change and propose options to change their current scenarios with the implied risks. An interesting feature is that they need and expect a structure or framework in order to identify their field of action. Plans, then, should be clear and concise about expectations and parameters. A clear example of long term vision can be identified in governmental programs which propose actions to cope with national problems. For instance, legislations and development plans. Well fare and banking reform are examples of these strategies (BBC, 2011). UKs interest in frameworks is evident in the creation of standards to standardize products and service activities. British standards are well known worldwide; some of them have become de facto standards for some industries (BSI, 2011). Finally, UKs change acceptance and resilience can be found in the bail-out strategies that government put in place to cope the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. UK was one the most affected countries. However, regulatory bodies analyzed the situation and proposed a series of measures to minimize the crisis effects and avoid future ones (Carmassi, J., et al, 2009). The author agrees Hofstedes results. British planning culture is palpable in daily life from bus stops to school schedules. UKs orientation to strategy can be seen as a result of the Individualism dimension since the respect for others time manages all society actors to coordinate activities. On the other hand, work environments are relaxed because people are objective oriented. That does not mean that firms are anarchically managed, but authority is exercised in a way that allow everyone to accomplish their objectives. Finally, UKs procedural vocation has aligned and standardised several industries worldwide, thus, it is clear that Hofstedes evaluation clearly reflects the UKs Uncertainty Avoidance dimension. Long-/Short Term Orientation Long-/Short term orientation estimates how much society values long-term, as opposed to short term, traditions, and values. This dimension was added by Hofstede in the 1990s after finding that Asian countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted differently from western cultures. In countries with a high score, delivering on social obligations and avoiding loss of face are considered very important (Hofstede, G., 2003). UKs index value is 25 and its place in the analyzed countries is the 29th (Hofstede, G., 2003). Societies with a low index of Long-/short term orientation promote equality, high creativity, and individualism. This implies that they are not very attached to customs and traditions. People treat others as equals and self-actualization is sought. Society members are respectful of others and do not hesitate to introduce necessary changes, in other words, they are very dynamic. UKs society is plenty of examples if this constant innovation and change. UKs music industry is well known for producing not only new popular bands, but also for introducing new musical styles. Entrepreneurship has allowed the country to improve and invent machinery, sports, devices and services which have impacted the world history. Promotion of equality has fuelled reforms which have been adopted by the rest of the countries. Customs and traditions change from generation to generation allowing the invention or introduction of new ones (BBC, 2011a). The author agrees with Hofstedes evaluation. UKs continual improvement is tangible in all aspects of daily life. For instance, entrepreneurship is seen as an important quality, since it is the perfect way to be creative and independent at the same time. As a result, innovation in technology, literature, finance, and regulation is a present in a constant basis. However, the change in traditions has roomed questions about national identity. British identity is difficult to track since each generation is altering the status quo. Thus, British national identity is always evolving and cannot be isolated as a static body of ritual, rules, and artefacts. Finally, the respect of others is an appreciated value in UKs society, which from the authors standpoint, has been the foundation stone of the whole society and has shaped its current state. Conclusions Hofstedes model provides a simple manner to compare two different societies. The five dimensions outline general characteristics of the analyzed countries. Even though, some authors claim that the study was based on biased information. Detractors have criticized the statistical methods, but they have not challenged the approach. It is possible to evaluate more dimensions, but information analysis would become complex and diffuse. Social researchers argue that cultures cannot be compared. However, these studies are required by globalization. Hofstedes results should be understood as generalizations of societies and have not to be used to encourage stereotype creation. Finally, the ultimate goal of Hofstedes analysis was to understand each other a little more and, in this manner, contribute to the construction of a better and durable nation relationships.

History of Womens Rights and the Gender Pay Gap

History of Womens Rights and the Gender Pay Gap 1998 marked the 150th Anniversary of a movement by women. The fight for women’s rights began in the late 19th century. 1917, women could vote, making 2017 the 100th anniversary of the ending for women’s suffrage, or has it? Although we have marched, protested and have the 19th amendment stating our rights, we are still not quite equal. This research will explore the past and current state of women’s pay in the workplace, supported with data. We have made progress, but the problem is still there. The only way to eliminate a global problem such as this, is to fight together, both genders. Men must see women as their coworker and partner, not combatant or slave. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote what is known as the Declaration of Sentiments, in 1848. These sentiments stated facts about women, their rights and equality, that we are still fighting today. â€Å"When women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned† (Ruthsdotter, 1998). This was stated in the early 19th century, yet in what will soon be the 22nd century, some women are still paid this way. Women are still fighting to be considered an equal, a partner, a co-worker and not a combatant. Women prior to the 19th amendment were basically subject to their husbands. Their entire lives were solely based on their husbands. Their income, land, child custody, all other rights, and more were chosen, mandated and or owned by their spouse.   â€Å"In 1920, the Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labor was established to gather information about the situation of women at work, and to advocate for changes if needed. Many women’s activist became involved with campaigning for laws to protect women workers from abuse and unsafe conditions. It took seventy-two years for women and their male supporters to be successful.† (Ruthsdotter, 1998) In 1923, Alice Paul, the leader of the National Woman’s Party wrote the Equal Rights Amendment for the United States Constitution and Congressional Union, followed by the National Woman’s party in 1916. (Ruthsdotter, 1998) We have had many waves of change for women and their rights, but we still aren’t quite equal yet. We are now allowed to vote, divorce, take full custody of our children, own land, be leaders in religious organizations, be business owners, CEO’s, and file with the courts over domestic abuse. These things and more have shown how far we have come since 1848. The reason for the constant waves of change, and fighting back, is possibly due to men and women alike, can see a woman as more than just a female, with limited ability. Who some only seen her job as a wife, birth children and take care of the home. Women are now seen as fellow human being who deserve respect and the same rights as their male counterpart. Women and men have fought alongside each other for the equality of women; especially in the work place, for many years. If men in the workplace could see women as their partner, and not combatant maybe we would end this wage inequality amongst women. Many have done research to find why are women paid less than men in the workplace? Two researchers have taken a different approach in their research in women’s lives, that may contribute to the wage gap. One researcher discovered personality and wages have a correlation with wages for men and women. â€Å"Women score more highly on agreeableness than men, and because this trait is associated with lower wages in the labour market, men having lower agreeableness represents an advantage. On the other hand, men have a higher average score for intellect than women, and because this trait is rewarded in the wage setting, men’s higher score for this trait also represents an advantage.† (Nyhus, 2012)    This is profound research, not many people would involve the personalities of men and women and based wages on that. Of course, many will argue that should not be a factor, in the fairness of equal pay for women. Another researcher viewed the correlation of childcare and wages for women. â€Å"Countries where society has a positive mindset towards working mothers or about the desire for external childcare for children will provide more childcare, which will result in increases of fertility and female labor force participation and will reduce the wage gap. External childcare reduces the time women put into child rearing which increases fertility and labor supply and this decreases the gender wage gap. If everyone believes that childcare usage will be zero, the use of childcare will be zero, which leads to zero usage. Fertility and female labour supply will be consequently low and the wage gap will be high.† (Borck, 2014) Borck, could see the importance of having childcare facilities, that will provide care and childrearing for children, so women could work. We often do not think about childcare and afterschool programs to help working women. Borck could prove this in his research. These programs and childcare centers should be seen as positives, this will help lower the wage gap in the future, as long as our society can see the benefit it has on working women. So how big is the problem? â€Å"In 2015, women working full time in the United States typically were paid just 80 percent of what men were paid, a gap of 20 percent (Proctor et al., 2016). The gap has narrowed since 1960, due largely to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. At the rate of change between 1960 and 2015, women are expected to reach pay equity with men in 2059. But even that slow progress has stalled in recent years. If change continues at the slower rate seen since 2001, women will not reach pay equity with men until 2152.† (Hill, 2017) These findings are frightening, if this continues this will have long term financial effects on working women. In 2015, 14 percent of American women ages 18–64 were living below the federal poverty level, compared with 11 per- cent of men. (Hill, 2017) So, what is causing it? So far researchers are discovering it is a combination of, occupation, higher education, and industry choices. If a woman chooses a low-paying cashier position and another chief executive that also contributes to the data of women with low wages.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Of the overall U.S. gender pay gap of 24.1 percent in base pay, we find that 16.2 percent is â€Å"explained† by differences between male and female workers: different ages, levels of education, experience, industries, occupations, company sizes and locations. The remaining 7.9 percent of the pay gap is â€Å"unexplained,† due either to factors we aren’t able to observe or to workplace bias and discrimination.† (Chamberlain, 2016) Warren Farrell listed his top 5 positions that he believes will keep women employed, if they chose something that isn’t always in the office and neat, but sometimes messy and includes heat. â€Å"In brief, technology is not job security, but career security. Career security matters more than job security, and both can matter more than the exact amount you are paid.† (Farrell, 2005)   The Field-with-Higher-Yield Formula: One to Five Choose a field in technology or the harder sciences, not the arts or social sciences (pharmacology vs. art history)Get hazard pay without the hazards (female adminstratior in air force vs. male combat soldier in army)Jobs requiring little education, those that expose you to the heat and are possibly messy pay more than those that are indoors and neat (UPS deliverer vs. receptionist)In most jobs with higher pay, you can’t mentally check out at the end of the day (corporate attorney vs. librarian)Fields with higher pay often have lower fulfillment (tax accountant vs. child care professional)   (Farrell, 2005) Is it possible that women could be limited themselves from higher paid positions? Part of the answer is yes, while the other part is no. Yes, If women constantly take on low-paying jobs and not attempting to obtain a higher education, they will only help with the negative statistics. No, if women as a collective whole, began to earn college degrees and experience in male dominated industries, yet still paid a lower salary, the fight will continue. There are also women who have higher education, yet are still paid less due to no child care, working part time and other family related issues. Doctor Anne Montgomery watched her pay change at various times in her career as she made sacrfices for her family. She runs a family-medicine residency program in Rancho Mirage, California. She cut back to about three-fourth’s of her full time so she could care for her son.I actually pretty much worked full time my whole career,She continues. I only got paid for part time. In 2009, she was earning $170,000 a year as a full-time faculty physician in Spokane, Washington. She was thrilled to get a $30,000 raise but it only brought her more in competition with a newly hired male colleague who had aggressively negotiated. Her husband Glen Stream; who is also a doctor, had an easier time climbing up the income ladder. He negotiated his pay and eventually earned a $275,000 base salary as chief medical-information officer of a Spokane multispecialty group. In 2012, his earnings reached $400,000 when he made $190,000 as the American Academy of Family Physicians president plus three-fourths of his executive salary. Last year, Dr. Montgomery earned $303,000, while her husband, earned $364,000. (Adamy, 2016) In conclusion, Dr. Montgomery’s story shows that even in white collar professions, women are still having a great disadvantage compared to their male counterparts. Often women are still seen in the same light as they were in 1848, before the 19th amendment took place. What if men began to take on the role as the â€Å"stay at home dad† and women were the bread winners? Would it matter? Would it hurt us as a society? I do not believe it would. Our society has been fed through media for over a 100 years about a woman’s place in our society. Dictating what constitutes as a female job and male job. Who came up with what our jobs are suppose to be? I believe as women and men we need to eliminate what constitues as a specfic gender job.   If we eliminate the labels, and allow men and women to work where they will be their best, we can start to make more progress. If we could stop seeing women as unreliable due to child rearing, and believeing they can only work so ma ny hours, do only certain jobs, and base salary on their personality traits, child care, etc. We can possibly elimnate the gender wage gap sooner. References Adamy, J. &. (2016, May 18). Pay gap widest for elite jobs women in white-collar careers see biggest gender disparity, defying legislative remedies. Retrieved from Wall Street Journal: http://search.proquest.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/docview/1789404832?accountid=8473 Borck, R. (2014). Adieu Rabenmutter-culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare. Journal Of Population Economics, 27(3), 739-765. doi:10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z Chamberlain, D. A. (2016, March). Demystifying the Gender Pay Gap . Retrieved from Glassdoor: https://research-content.glassdoor.com/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/03/Glassdoor-Gender-Pay-Gap-Study.pdf Farrell, W. (2005). Why Men Earn More : The Startling Truth Behind the Pay Gapand What Women Can Do About It (1st Edition ed., Vol. 1). New York, NY, USA: American Management Association International. Hill, C. (2017, September 20). The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap. Retrieved from The American Association of University Women (AAUW): http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/ Nyhus, E. K., & Pons, E. (2012). Personality and the gender wage gap. Applied Economics, 44(1), 105-118. doi:10.1080/00036846.2010.500272   Ruthsdotter, B. E. (1998, January 01). History of the Women’s Rights Movement. Retrieved from The National Women’s History Project: http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/

Ignored Technology :: Technological Writing Essays

Ignored Technology A problematic theory that has been hard for me to accept is the notion that writing itself is considered to be a technology. Whenever I think of what the word â€Å"technology† means the mental images that come to my mind are computers, automobiles and other modern conveniences. I had never considered writing to be in this category however, when all of the modern inventions are taken away it is easy to see this new truth. Writing is a technology that most Americans take for granted, probably due mostly to our advancement in technological resources, but nevertheless taken for granted. Through this writing experience I was both better able and prepared to come to my own conclusions and now I can accept this new classification in my mind and vocabulary. The first aspect of this project was to come up with a way of writing that was permanent, portable and creative. When I read over the assignment the first writing surface that popped into my mind was tree bark. This would be the perfect writing surface because the inside of the tree bark is usually somewhat flat and lightly colored. Next, I thought about how I would write on the inside of this bark. I remembered back to my days of being an outdoorsy type of young girl and the campfires my family would build. I distinctly remembered how the sticks would become black on the ends when we were cooking our marshmallows to make S’mores. We used to â€Å"write† on the wood that was piled and ready to be put into the fire with our blackened sticks. So, for this project I thought I might try the same principle from my campfire days. I was a little concerned about finding a nice piece of bark in this winter weather, but one day my dad was doing some outside work and happened to stumble across a dead tree that was just beyond the property line. The tree had a large piece of bark hanging from one of the limbs. He just gave the chunk of bark a tug and I had my writing surface. That part came much more easily than I had originally anticipated. The next part of the project was finding my writing tool.

Pearl in Scarlet letter :: essays research papers

One of the most complex and elaborate characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. Pearl, throughout the story, develops into a dynamic individual, as well as an extremely important symbol. Pearl is involved in a complex history, and as a result is viewed as different and is shunned because of her mother’s sin. Pearl is a living Scarlet A to Hester, as well as the reader, acting as a constant reminder of Hester’s sin. This connection leads to many different views of Pearl’s character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne uses vivid descriptions to characterize Pearl. She is first described as the child, â€Å"†¦whose innocent life had sprung, by the inscrutable decree of Providence, a lovely and immortal flower, out of the rank luxuriance of a guilty passion.† (81). From the beginning of her life she is viewed as the product of a sin. Physically, Pearl has a â€Å"beauty that became every day more brilliant, and the intelligence that threw its quivering sunshine over the tiny features of this child.† (81-82). The exquisite dresses and her beauty cause her to be viewed as even stranger from the other typical Puritan children, whom are dressed in traditional clothing. As a result, she is accepted by nature and animals, and ostracized by the other Puritan children. â€Å"Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world†¦ the whole peculiarity, in short, of her position in respect to other children.† (86). Pearl was not accepted by the children; her unavoidable seclusion was due to the sin of her mother. On the rare occasion that the children show interest in Pearl, she lashes out at them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The members of the Puritan society view Pearl as a weird, strange little girl, born from a sinful act. However, the characters with a closer, more in depth relationship to the child, feel differently towards Pearl. â€Å"She is a strange child! I hardly comprehend her! But thou wilt love her dearly, as I do, and wilt advise me how to deal with her† (186). Hester describes her unbalanced feelings and emotions to Dimmesdale. This statement shows that although Pearl’s quirks and oddities cause her to become â€Å"strange† in the eyes of others, they form into a love from Hester. This relationship between Hester and Pearl is important because both are ostracized for their irregularities and for the sin and shame of Hester. Dimmesdale responds to Hester’s statement with, â€Å"I have long shrunk from children, because they often show distrust- a backwardness to be familiar with me.

Title Analysis of Everything that Rises Must Converge By Flannery OConnor :: essays research papers

Literally converge means "to tend toward or approach an intersecting point." But I believe that word's meaning especially in literature changes, or even contains two different meanings. So in the story "Everything that Rises Must Converge" by Flannery O 'Connor converge affects the title but has different meaning. The title means that the past is nothing and the present is more important. Not only that, but everything will return as God made as the time goes by. First of all, the story was written during the time when slaves were emancipated and all of the blacks fought for their own rights and freedom. So the social flow and especially the rights of both races turned out to be "Normal"and "Equal" now. However the author shows that the reaction of discrimination still exists inside the white people and through the actions of Julian's mother. Julian's mother keeps talking about Julian's grandfather who had a lot of slaves and a humongous fortune. However, this was a very dangerous thought at that time of the story, because the black had achieved equality an they were all thinking about equality. The thought led Julian's mother to get hit by a black woman who had the same hat as that of Julain's mother. Her actions of superiority and her action of trying to give the black woman's son a penny provoked the black woman to slap Julian's mother is the face, since in olden days many whites used to give all the young blacks a penny, and reminded the black woman of discrimination. The author, in contrast, also tries to show the equality of two races through Julian himself and his thoughts. When Julian sees his mother wearing the same hat as one of the black woman, he says that the black woman looks better in the hat. Not only that, he tries to engage in conversation with a black man to show the black's wise. In this way, Julian tries to teach his mother that now it is not time for difference but equality, and her thoughts about those blacks should be changed to fit in with the society. Not only that, but the author also shows equality with the backgrounds of the story. Julian graduated from university and his mother is an heir of rich family, yet he is still to-be-a writer, he is poor and has no job at the moment and is desperately in need of money because of his mother's illness. Title Analysis of Everything that Rises Must Converge By Flannery O'Connor :: essays research papers Literally converge means "to tend toward or approach an intersecting point." But I believe that word's meaning especially in literature changes, or even contains two different meanings. So in the story "Everything that Rises Must Converge" by Flannery O 'Connor converge affects the title but has different meaning. The title means that the past is nothing and the present is more important. Not only that, but everything will return as God made as the time goes by. First of all, the story was written during the time when slaves were emancipated and all of the blacks fought for their own rights and freedom. So the social flow and especially the rights of both races turned out to be "Normal"and "Equal" now. However the author shows that the reaction of discrimination still exists inside the white people and through the actions of Julian's mother. Julian's mother keeps talking about Julian's grandfather who had a lot of slaves and a humongous fortune. However, this was a very dangerous thought at that time of the story, because the black had achieved equality an they were all thinking about equality. The thought led Julian's mother to get hit by a black woman who had the same hat as that of Julain's mother. Her actions of superiority and her action of trying to give the black woman's son a penny provoked the black woman to slap Julian's mother is the face, since in olden days many whites used to give all the young blacks a penny, and reminded the black woman of discrimination. The author, in contrast, also tries to show the equality of two races through Julian himself and his thoughts. When Julian sees his mother wearing the same hat as one of the black woman, he says that the black woman looks better in the hat. Not only that, he tries to engage in conversation with a black man to show the black's wise. In this way, Julian tries to teach his mother that now it is not time for difference but equality, and her thoughts about those blacks should be changed to fit in with the society. Not only that, but the author also shows equality with the backgrounds of the story. Julian graduated from university and his mother is an heir of rich family, yet he is still to-be-a writer, he is poor and has no job at the moment and is desperately in need of money because of his mother's illness.